The next pandemic could be triggered by Amazon deforestation

As farms expand into the Amazon rainforest, felled trees and growing pastures could pave the way for new Brazilian exports beyond beef and soybeans, researchers say: pandemic diseases.

Changes in the Amazon are driving displaced animal species, from bats to monkeys to mosquitoes, into new areas and opening up the region to the arrival of savanna-adapted species, including rodents.

These shifts, combined with increased human interaction with animals as people go deeper into the forest, increase the chances of a virulent virus, bacteria or fungus jumping, said Adalberto Luís Val, a researcher at INPA, the National Institute for Research in the USA Amazon based in Manaus.

Climate change, which leads to temperature and precipitation changes, increases the risks, said the biologist.

“There is great concern because… organisms are being displaced. They are trying to adapt and address these new challenging scenarios by relocating, ”Val told the Thomson Reuters Foundation in a telephone interview.

The Evandro Chagas Institute, a public health research organization in the city of Belem, has identified around 220 different types of viruses in the Amazon, of which 37 can cause disease in humans and 15 have the potential to cause epidemics, the researcher said. These include different strains of encephalitis, as well as West Nile fever and Rocio, a Brazilian virus from the same family that produces yellow fever and West Nile, as he noted in an article published by the Brazilian Academy of Sciences in May.

Val said he was particularly concerned about arboviruses, which can be transmitted by insects like the dengue mosquito and zika.

„SPILLOVER“

Cecilia Andreazzi, researcher at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), a major public health institute in Brazil, said the current surge in deforestation and fires in the Amazon could lead to new meetings between species on the move – each a chance for an existing one Pathogens to transform or jump species.

The ecologist maps existing infectious agents among Brazil’s animals and constructs mathematical models of how the changing landscape of the country “influences the structure of these interactions”.

What she’s looking for are likely “spillover” opportunities when a pathogen of one species could circulate in another, potentially causing a new disease – as what appears to have happened in China with the virus that causes COVID-19, she said.

“Megadiverse countries with high social vulnerabilities and increasing environmental degradation are prone to the leakage of pathogens from wildlife to humans and require guidelines to prevent the occurrence of zoonoses,” she and other researchers wrote in a letter in The Lancet, a science journal. in September.

Brazil has already seen “clear warnings” of a growing problem with the emergence of Brazilian hemorrhagic fever, rodent-borne hantaviruses and a mosquito-borne arbovirus called Oropouche.

The Brazilian Amazon has seen some of the worst fires in a decade this year as deforestation and invasion of indigenous land increases under right-wing President Jair Bolsonaro, who has urged the Amazon to be developed as a means of combating poverty. Speaking to the UN General Assembly last month, he angrily denied the existence of fires in the Amazon rainforest and called it a “lie” despite data from his own government showing thousands of flames in the area.

“Blame the bat”

João Paulo Lima Barreto, a member of the Tukano indigenous people, said one way to combat the emergence of new pandemic threats is to revive ancient knowledge about the relationships between living things.

Barreto, who is doing a PhD in Shamanistic Knowledge and Healing at the Federal University of Amazonas, founded Bahserikowi’i, an indigenous medicine center that brings the knowledge of the shamans of the upper Rio Negro to Manaus, the largest city in the Amazon. He has called for indigenous knowledge systems to be taken seriously.

“The model of our relationship with our environment is wrong,” he told the Thomson Reuters Foundation in a telephone interview.

“It’s very easy for us to blame the bat, monkey and pig,” Barreto said when a new disease emerges. “But in fact, humans cause this in the relationship we develop with the owners of the room.”

Without proper conservation of forests, rivers and animals, imbalances and diseases arise because people do not respect the natural beings known to shamans as “wai-mahsã”.

Andreazzi said that particularly high disease risks arise from the conversion of Amazon forests into more open, savanna-like pastures and fields, which attract marsupials as well as rodents, carriers of hantaviruses.

“When you turn the Amazon into a field, you create that niche,” and species can expand their reach to fill it, “she said,” with the abundance of these species increasing dramatically. ”

In the face of deforestation, “the animals are shifting, moving. And the pathogen, the virus … is looking for hosts “- a situation that creates” a very high level of adaptability, “she said. But Andreazzi is worried about old and new diseases.

As the Amazon changes, new outbreaks of threats such as malaria, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease have been registered, which are transmitted through a “kiss bug” and can cause heart damage.

“We don’t even have to talk about new diseases. The old ones already have great risks, ”she added.